ʻO ka ʻano ʻāpala Antonovka kekahi o nā mea i hoʻolaha nui ʻia ma Lūkia, Belarus a me Ukraine no kekahi manawa lōʻihi. A ME aie ia i kona hiʻona no ka hapa nui ʻaʻole i nā mea hānai, akā i nā mea mahiʻai amateur... Pili ia i ka waeʻano o ke koho lāhui. Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻomaʻamaʻa iā ʻoe iho me ka wehewehe a me nā loiloi o nā māla e pili ana i kēia ʻano ma lalo.
ʻO ka mōʻaukala o ke ʻano o nā ʻano like ʻole
ʻOiai kona kaulana, pili ʻo Antonovka i kēlā mau ʻano, ʻaʻole ʻike maopopo ʻia ke ʻano o ia ʻano. Manaʻo ʻia he kāne ʻole ia he hapalua o kahi mahiʻai me ka ʻāpala ulu ulu.
ʻAʻole ka ʻano Antonovka ka hopena o ka hana a nā mea hānai. ʻAi aku ʻo ia i kona helehelena i nā māla amatir.
ʻAe ʻae ʻia kēlā hele mai ʻo ia mai nā wahi ʻo Kursk a i ʻole Tula... Ua wehewehe mua ʻia kēia ʻano ma 1848 e N.I. ʻO Krasnoglazov i kāna hana "Nā lula no nā hua e ulu ana i ka honua ākea, nā hale kōmaʻomaʻo, nā greenhouse."
I ka 1896 S.V. ʻO Batov (i noho ma Tula i kēlā manawa) hōʻike i ka Tula Antonovka (ʻo ia hoʻi, "ʻUhane") ma ka hōʻike Nizhny Novgorod. Wahi a ia, ua loaʻa i ka lāʻau ʻāpala kona inoa ʻo Antonovka mai ka inoa o ke kīhāpai ʻo Anton, nāna i lawe mai iā ia no ka manawa mua i ka wā kahiko. A ʻike ʻia ka inoa "makani" ma muli o ka ʻala ikaika ("ʻuhane") o nā hua.
Akā i ka manawa like, ʻaʻole i wehewehe ʻia ka ʻano Antonovka i kekahi o ka A.T. Bolotov (a he ʻehā o lākou), i loaʻa ma mua o 660 ʻano o ka ʻāpala a me ka pea. A i ka makahiki 1906, i loko o kāna puke Atlas of Fruits, A.S. Ua kākau ʻo Grebnitsky ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻo Antonovka no kekahi manawa lōʻihi loa, akā ʻaʻole maopopo kahi o kāna kumu.
I mea e wehewehe ai i kēia mau ʻike kūlike ʻole, aia kekahi manaʻo Aia ʻo Antonovka i ka papa inoa o Bolotov, akā ma lalo o kahi inoa ʻokoʻa... I kēlā mau lā, paʻakikī e hoʻomaopopo i nā ʻano, he huikau i ko lākou mau inoa. ʻO kekahi a me ka mea kanu like i nā wahi like ʻole hiki ke kapa ʻia he ʻokoʻa. A ʻo Bolotov ponoʻī ʻaʻole ia e kāpae i kēlā hiki.
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻo Antonovka ma ke ʻano he ʻano kaʻawale i ka 19 kenekulia... I loko o ka puke "Russian Apples" pomologist M.V. Ua hōʻike ʻo Rytov a ua wehewehe ʻia he 17 mau ʻano. A i kēia manawa i ka makahiki 1929 I.V. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Michurin he 26 "mau ʻano" like ʻole o Antonovka. I ka makahiki 1981, paʻi ʻia e E.N. Ua hoʻokūpaʻa ʻo Sedov's "Catalog of variety of apple lāʻau" i ʻike ʻia ka nui o nā ʻano ma muli o ke kaulana o Antonovka i waena o nā māla.
ʻO nā ʻano Antonovka: gula, imrus, bogatyr a me nā mea ʻē aʻe
I kēia manawa Ua hoʻokumu ʻia he 25 mau ʻano ma ke kumu o Antonovka maʻamau... Aia i waena o lākou nā:
- Gula
- Imrus
- ʻO Bogatyr
- Hoʻomanaʻo koa
- ʻO Cherry
- ʻO Orlovim
- aloha o ka lāhui
- Malaki.
Ke ulu nei nā wahi o ka lāʻau ʻōpela
I kēia lā hiki ke loaʻa ʻo Antonovka ma Moscow, Bryansk, Ryazan, Orel, Kursk, Varonezh, Penza, Kaluga, nā moku ʻo Tula o Lūkia, a ʻo ia hoʻi ma Ukraine a me Belarus.
Ua ulu kekahi mau ʻano like ma Altai, Urals, Siberia a me ka Hikina hikina.
Hōʻike o nā lāʻau
Ikaika ka lāʻau maʻamau ʻo Antonovka, me ka lei oval. Ma hope o ka manawa, lilo ia i spherical a pālahalaha. Piʻi nā lālā nui a ulu i nā ʻaoʻao i nā makahiki... Hoʻomaka kēia hana i ka manawa like me ka hua ʻana. Uhi ʻia nā lālā a me nā wana ʻōpio me ka ʻili pala.
He ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo nā lau, oblong, serrated ma nā kihi. I ka wā pua, nui nā inflorescences, keʻokeʻo a i ʻalani ʻia me ka poni.
Hua ʻaʻano
Pili ʻo Antonovka i ka hoʻoilo mua a i ʻole ka hopena o ke kauwela. ʻO ka maʻamau, hoʻomaka nā hua e ʻohiʻohi i ka hapa lua o Kepakemapa.... ʻO Antonovka Ordinary kekahi o nā kumulāʻau hua nui. Hoʻomaka ka lāʻau e hua i 7-8 mau makahiki (ma hope o ka ʻōpuʻu ʻana). Ma nā kumu kumu dwarf, hiki i ka hua mua ke ʻohiʻohi ʻia i 2 mau makahiki ma hope o ke kanu ʻana.
Hoʻomaka ʻo Fruiting Antonovka ma ka awelika 7-8 mau makahiki ma hope o ke kanu ʻana.
Nā hua o Antonovka vulgaris nui me ke ʻano o ka pōʻai. Hoʻolaha ikaika ʻia nā iwi ʻaoʻao i ka ʻaoʻao haʻahaʻa. I ka wā oʻo, ʻōmaʻomaʻo lākou me ka melemele. Melemele piha i ka wā e waiho ana. Mālamalama ka pulp iho, ʻono, me kahi ʻono awaawa i haʻi ʻia.
ʻO Antonovka gula e ke oʻo hiki ke hāʻawi ʻia i nā ʻano kauwela. ʻAno a momona hoʻi kāna mau hua. Hiki i nā ʻōmaka pākahi ke kaupaona a hiki i 160 gram. A hoʻomaka lākou e hōʻiliʻili iā lākou i ka hopena o ʻAukake.
ʻO ka hana a me ka manawa ohi
Hoʻonui ka nui o nā ʻoma i ka ulu ʻana o ka lāʻau. Hiki i 200 kilokika o nā hua ke ʻohi ʻia mai kahi kumulāʻau iwakāluakūmālua mau makahiki i kēlā me kēia makahiki (200 kg / ha). Aia kekahi mau hihia i hōʻiliʻili ʻia a hiki i ka 500-1000 kilogram o nā ʻāpala mai hoʻokahi lāʻau ʻo Antonovka. I ka mua, maʻa mau ka hua ʻana. Akā i ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, lilo ia i wā (i kēlā me kēia mau makahiki ʻelua).
ʻO ka hua mai hoʻokahi kumu ʻo Antonovka i kēlā me kēia makahiki i 150-200 kg.
ʻO nā hua Antonovka pala i ka hopena o Kepakemapa - ʻOkakopa. ʻO ka maalea nui e ʻohi i nā ʻōpela ma mua o ka hau mua, a e oʻo lākou ma kahi ʻoluʻolu. Mākaukau nā ʻōpela e kiʻi ʻia ke puka mai kahi melemele melemele i ko lākou kala, akā paʻa mau ke ʻano.
No ka mālama lōʻihi ʻana o nā hua, pono e ʻohi lima ʻia... Inā hoʻoluliluli ʻoe i kahi lāʻau, e hāʻule nā ʻāpala a pā i ka honua. A i kēia mau wahi e hoʻomaka lākou e hōʻino i ka wā e hiki mai ana. E hōʻiliʻili i nā hua i nā pahu lāʻau a i ʻole mau ʻeke, a kūpono hoʻi nā pākeke palekiko.
Pāhi ʻōpala
ʻO ke kolu o nā keu o ka ʻano ka lōʻihi mālama, hiki ka manawa i 3 mau mahina. Me ka mālama pono a me ka mālama ʻana, hiki ke hoʻonui i kēia wā i 4 mau mahina.
ʻO ka papa o nā hua Antonovka ma mua o 90 mau lā. A kaukaʻi ʻia i ka wahi e ulu ai ka lāʻau. Mālama ʻia nā hua i ʻohi ʻia ma nā ʻāina hema ma ka awelika ʻelua a ʻehā mau pule i emi iho.
ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona kūikawā ka hilinaʻi o ka manawa mālama i ka ʻāina o ka ulu. No laila, hiki ke mālama maʻalahi ʻia nā ʻomela i ʻohi ʻia ma nā ʻĀkau ʻākau no ʻehā mau mahina. Eia kekahi, ke holo nei ka manawa, hoʻomaikaʻi wale kā lākou ʻono. Akā ʻo nā huaʻai mai nā ʻāina hema e ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki.
Nā pōmaikaʻi a me nā maikaʻi ʻole o ka ʻano
Ma waena o nā mea nui o Antonovka nā mea penei:
- Maikaʻi loa hiki ke hoʻololi i nā wahi ʻokoʻa
- Kiʻekiʻena hoʻohua
- Kūpaʻa maʻi a me ka hau
- Kiʻekiʻena mākeke o nā hua
- Hiki ʻole ke haʻi ʻia ʻono a ʻala
- Hiki ke hoʻopau ʻia nā ʻōpala hou, pulu a ma hope o ka hana ʻana
- ʻO nā hua he nui nā pono pono, he mau antioxidant maikaʻi.
E like me nā mea kanu a pau, He drawbacks kā Antonovka:
- Hua ʻaʻano he wā kau
- Mālama ʻia nā hua o nā ʻano āpau no ka manawa lōʻihi.
Pollination
He kumu momona momona ʻo Antonovka, ʻo ia, pono i nā mea pollinator. Kūpono loa ia no kēia mau kumuhana:
- Pepin saffron
- Welsey
- Ua ʻōlepe ʻo Autumn
- ʻAnise
Pae ʻĀina
I ka hapa nui o Rūsia, kanu ʻia ʻo Antonovka a hiki i ka hopena o ʻOkakopa... ʻAʻole hiki i nā mea kanu i kanu ʻia ma hope ke loaʻa ke aʻa. Inā hoʻolālā ʻia kahi kanu luawai, a laila ʻo ka manawa ʻoi loa ka hopena o ʻApelila. I kēia hihia, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i kahi no ka seedling i ka hāʻule.
ʻO ka loam a me ka loam one he kūpono loa ia no ke kanu ʻana. Pono ka pae o ka wai ma kahi o 3 mau mika.
Hoʻomākaukau kahi lua me kahi nui ma kahi o 1 mika i ke anawaena a hiki i 80 cm ka hohonu. Hana ʻia kēia i mau pule ma mua o ke kanu ʻana. E kōkua kēia i nā mea kanu i ke aʻa maʻalahi, e ʻae ana i ka lāʻau e hua i ka hua ma mua.
I ka wā o ke kanu ʻana, hoʻomoe ʻia ka ponu ma lalo o ka lua a hoʻokahe maikaʻi ʻia. Hoʻokomo ʻia kahi peg, ʻo kona lōʻihi ma luna o ka pae honua. ʻO kahi papa momona o ka lepo me nā mea momona (mineral a me nā meaola) a 20 cm ke kiʻekiʻe i ninini ʻia mai luna mai. A laila hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia ka mea kanu a uhi ʻia me ka honua. I kēia hihia, pono ʻoe e akahele me nā aʻa i ʻole e hōʻino iā lākou. I mea e hiki ai nā meaola āpau i nā aʻa, lawe ʻia nā lau āpau mai ka māla.
ʻAʻole i kanu ʻia ke kola aʻa. Ke aneane pau ke uhi ʻana o ka seedling, pono e huki ʻia i luna iki. Ma muli o kēia, e piʻi aʻe ke kola aʻa ma luna o ka pae honua, a ʻaʻohe ea ma waena o nā aʻa. Hoʻopili ʻia ka lūlū i ke kui. A laila hoʻoinu nui ka lepo, palu ʻia. I ka mahina mua a ʻelua paha, hoʻoinu ʻia i kēlā me kēia pule.
Kanu ʻia nā mea kanu o Antonovka ma kahi mamao aku ma mua o 1 mika mai kēlā me kēia.
Mālama
Ulu maikaʻi ʻo Antonovka a hiki i nā ʻāina kākaʻikahi, kahi e ulu pinepine ai nā pilikia māla. Akā kūlohelohe, pono lākou i ka mālama kūpono.
No ka hua ʻana i ka hua maikaʻi, pono ka wai i nā lāʻau. Akā ma nā lepo me ka momona o ka wai, a i ʻole, ma nā lepo maloʻo, hāʻawi ʻo Antonovka i kahi hua haʻahaʻa.
Ma hope o ka ua nui, pono ka ea i ka lepo kokoke i ka lāʻau.... Hiki ke hana i kēia me kahi pitchfork maʻamau a i ʻole he koʻokoʻo hao, maʻalahi wale i ke kuʻi ʻana i ka honua i kahi hohonu o 30 cm. I loko o kahi kau maloʻo a me nā mahana wela, hoʻokahi manawa i ka pule, pono e hoʻoinu nui iā Antonovka
I ka makahiki mua o ke ola, pono nui ka mālama kūpono no nā mea kanu. Hoʻopili pū ia i kekahi mau kaʻina maʻalahi:
- Nā ʻaʻahu kiʻekiʻe mea hoʻomomona
- Palekana mai nā maʻi a me nā mea make
- Ke hoʻokuʻu nei i ka lepo pōʻai kumu a me ka hemo ʻana o ka mauʻu
- Manawa hoʻoinu wai
- Pololei ʻoki ʻana.
ʻO kahi hana koʻikoʻi ʻē aʻe ka mulch. No nā mea kanu makua aʻe, hiki ke lūlū ʻia ka pōʻai kokoke i ke kumu me ka manure ʻōmaʻomaʻo.
Hoʻoulu meaola
No ka hua ʻana i ka hua maikaʻi, pono e hānai ʻia ka lāʻau ʻōpela i 4 mau manawa i ka makahiki.
- 1 aahu luna... I ka puna, a hiki i ka pua ʻana, hānai ʻia ʻo Antonovka me ka urea i ka nui o 50-500 g, e like me ka nui a me ka makahiki o ka lāʻau. Hoʻolahalaha nā mea hoʻomomona ma luna o ka lepo ma lalo o ka lei aliʻi.
- 2 hānai ʻana... Me nā hiʻohiʻona o nā pua, potash a me nā phosphore fertilizers, slurry a me ka urea i noi ʻia.
- 3 hānai ʻana lawe ʻia me nā nitrogen fertilizers i ka wā o ke oʻo ʻana o nā hua.
- 4 ʻaʻahu kau kiʻekiʻe ma hope o ka ʻohi ʻana. Pākuʻi ʻia ka potassium a me ka phosphorus.
ʻO ka ʻoki ʻana a me ke kālai ʻana i ka lei aliʻi
I ka manawa like me ka hānai ʻana i ka puna e pono e ʻokiʻoki i ka lei aliʻi... Hana ʻia kēia i mau pule ʻelua ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka wā ulu. I ka manawa like, nā lālā maloʻo a hōʻino hoʻi, hemo nā wana ahiu, lahilahi ka lei aliʻi.
Ka pale ʻana i nā maʻi a me nā mea make
ʻO Antonovka, e like me nā mea kanu āpau, koi i ka pale mai nā pest a me nā maʻi.
Hiki ke luku ʻia a hiki i ka 90% o nā mea pests ma kahi kumulāʻau e ka mālama ʻana me nā mea ʻawahia i loko o ka manawa a ʻike ʻia nā pua.
E hana i kēia, hoʻohana i ka karbofos 0,1% a i ʻole ka rovikurt 0,1%. Ma kahi liʻiliʻi ma hope, ke ʻike ʻia nā puʻupaʻa, e hoʻohana i ka wai Bordeaux 3%. ʻO ia, ma kahi o 1% wale nō, hoʻohana ʻia e hakakā i nā maʻi i ka wā o ka hoʻokahe ʻia ʻana o nā petal. No ke kumu hoʻokahi, hoʻohana pū ʻia ka oxychloride keleawe 0.4%. Hana maikaʻi ʻia nā lāʻau pesticide āpau i ke ahiahi, ma mua o ka napoʻo ʻana o ka lā.... ʻAe ʻia ka hana ʻana i ka pō inā ʻaʻohe hau. Hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā lau i hina a puhi ʻia.
Hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā ʻenuhe a me nā ʻūhū ma luna o nā kumulāʻau e ka lima a hoʻopau ʻia. E kōkua ʻo Wasps mai nā mea ʻino ʻino. ʻO nā mea kanu umbrella (ʻo kahi laʻana, dill) i kanu ʻia ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka lāʻau ʻāpala e kōkua i ka hoʻohihi iā lākou i ka lāʻau.
ʻO ka ʻono a me ka ʻala ʻokoʻa, ke kūpaʻa hau, ke ola lōʻihi - ʻo kēia nā hiʻohiʻona nui e ʻumeʻume i nā māla... I loko nō o ka puka ʻana mai o nā ʻano melo hou, ʻo Antonovka kekahi o nā ʻano i makemake nui ʻia a punahele hoʻi.